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Wolffia arrhiza
''Wolffia arrhiza'' is a species of flowering plant known by the common names spotless watermeal and rootless duckweed, belonging to the Araceae, a family rich in water-loving species, such as ''Arum'' and ''Pistia''. It is the smallest vascular plant on Earth.〔Pietryczuk, A., et al. (2009). (The effect of sodium amidotrizoate on the growth and metabolism of ''Wolffia arrhiza'' (L.) Wimm. ) ''Polish Journal of Environmental Studies'' 18:5 885-91.〕〔Pan, S. and S. S. C. Chen. (1979). (The morphology of ''Wolffia arrhiza'': A scanning electron microscopic study. ) ''Bot Bull Academia Sinica'' 20 89-95.〕〔Czerpak, R., et al. (2004). (Biochemical activity of auxins in dependence of their structures in ''Wolffia arrhiza'' (L.) Wimm. ) ''Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae'' 73:4 269-75.〕 It is native to Europe, Africa, and parts of Asia, and it is present in other parts of the world as a naturalized species.〔(GRIN Species Profile )〕〔(Flora of North America )〕 It is an aquatic plant which grows in quiet water bodies such as ponds. The green part of the plant, the frond, is a sphere measuring approximately one millimeter wide but with a flat top that floats at the water's surface. It has a few parallel rows of stomata.〔 There is no root. The plant produces a minute flower fully equipped with one stamen and one pistil. It often multiplies by vegetative reproduction, however, with the rounded part budding off into a new individual.〔〔(MoBot: ''Wolffia arrhiza'' )〕 In cooler conditions the plant becomes dormant and sinks to the bed of the water body to overwinter as a turion.〔Al Khateeb, N. (Duckweed use for sewage treatment and fodder production in Palestine. ) Water & Environmental Development Organization, Palestine.〕 The plant is a mixotroph which can produce its own energy via photosynthesis or absorb it from the environment in the form of dissolved carbon.〔
This tiny plant is a nutritious food. Its green part is about 40% protein by dry weight and its turion is about 40% starch.〔Fujita, M., et al. (1999). Nutrient removal and starch production through cultivation of ''Wolffia arrhiza''. ''Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering'' 87:2 194-8.〕〔Czerpak, R. and I. K. Szamrej. (2003). (The effect of β-estradiol and corticosteroids on chlorophylls and carotenoids content in ''Wolffia arrhiza'' (L.) Wimm. (Lemnaceae) growing in municipal Bialystok tap water. ) ''Polish Journal of Environmental Studies'' 12:6 677-84.〕 It contains many amino acids important to the human diet, relatively large amounts of dietary minerals and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, and zinc, and vitamin B12.〔 It has long been used as a cheap food source in Burma, Laos, and Thailand, where it is known as ''khai-nam'' ("eggs of the water").〔Bhanthumnavin, K. and M. G. McGarry. (1971). (''Wolffia arrhiza'' as a possible source of inexpensive protein. ) ''Nature'' (letter) 232:495.〕 The plant is prolific in its reproduction, growing in floating mats that can be harvested every 3 to 4 days; it has been shown to double its population in less than four days ''in vitro''.〔National Academy of Sciences. (Making aquatic weeds useful: Some perspectives for developing countries. ) 1976. Page 149.〕
It is also useful as a form of agricultural and municipal water treatment.〔Körner, S., et al. (2003). (The capacity of duckweed to treat wastewater. ) ''Journal of Environmental Quality'' 32:5 1583-90.〕 It is placed in effluent from black tiger shrimp farms to absorb and metabolize pollutants.〔Suppadit, T., et al. (2008). (Treatment of effluent from shrimp farms using watermeal (''Wolffia arrhiza''). ) ''ScienceAsia'' 134 163-8.〕 The plants grow quickly and take up large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus from the water.〔 The plants that grow in the wastewater can then be used as feed for animals, such as carp,〔Naskar, K., et al. (1986). Yield of ''Wolffia arrhiza'' (L.) Horkel ex Wimmer from cement cisterns with different sewage concentrations, and its efficacy as a carp feed. ''Aquaculture'' 51:3-4 211-16.〕 Nile tilapia,〔Chareontesprasit, N. and W. Jiwayam. (2001). (An evaluation of ''Wolffia'' meal (''Wolffia arrhiza'') in replacing soybean meal in some formulated rations of Nile tilapia. ) ''Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences'' 4:5 618-20.〕 and chickens.〔
== References ==
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